EVERY baby is a ROYAL baby – Numberphile
Transcript
0:00hello everybody i am jerryrosagini
0:02vlogger and on today’s vlog i will be
0:04discussing why all the presidents are
0:07related to each other and you are too
0:11[Music]
0:21are all the presidents related to each
0:23other yes and so is everybody else the
0:27difficult part is figuring out how
0:29everybody is actually related but today
0:32we’ll discuss how we actually know
0:34everyone is related this video is part
0:36of a president’s day collaboration along
0:38with videos from mr beat and useful
0:41charts who both go into how all the
0:43presidents are actually related to each
0:45other so be sure to go and check out
0:47their videos which will be linked in the
0:48description as mentioned everyone is
0:51related it just becomes a question of
0:53how far in the past are we related who’s
0:56our most recent common ancestor or mrca
1:00in actuality we know a few ancestors of
1:03all humans the most well-known being
1:06mitochondrial eve and y-chromosomal atom
1:10mitochondrial eve is a woman who lived
1:12about 124
1:14000 years ago
1:16and she is the woman from whom everybody
1:19inherits their mitochondrial dna
1:22mitochondria being the powerhouse of all
1:24your cells mitochondrial dna is passed
1:27down from mother to child almost
1:29unchanged with only a few mutations
1:32happening here and there those mutations
1:34are passed on to the descendants and
1:36then each mutation can be tracked back
1:38in time by comparing different
1:41mitochondrial dna from different people
1:44and because we know that mitochondrial
1:46dna passes from mother to child then we
1:49know that that’s going to go up our
1:50purely maternal line so we can trace our
1:52mitochondrial dna through our mother and
1:54her mother and her mother and her mother
1:57and so on and this actually allows us to
2:00create what’s known as a phylogenetic
2:02tree a family tree for all humans and at
2:05the top of that tree is mitochondrial
2:09eve so if everyone traces up their
2:11purely maternal line their mother’s
2:12mother’s mother’s line and so on the
2:15most recent common ancestor will be
2:17mitochondrial eve for y chromosomal adam
2:20it was actually believed for a long time
2:22that he had lived about 138
2:25000 years ago but in 2013
2:28newly found mutations among a group of
2:31african americans which ended up dating
2:34why chromosomal atom back
2:37338
2:39000 years and because the y chromosome
2:42is passed from father to sun
2:44almost completely unchanged except for a
2:47few mutations here and there we can do
2:50the same thing that we can do with the
2:51mitochondrial dna so we can also create
2:54a phylogenetic tree for the y chromosome
2:57so a different family tree than the
2:59mitochondrial phylogenetic tree but for
3:01the y chromosome tree that’s going to
3:03trace all the way back
3:05338 000 years ago
3:08to y chromosomal atom now there are a
3:11lot of misconceptions when it comes to y
3:13chromosomal atom and mitochondrial eve a
3:16lot of people will think that they were
3:18the first people alive they weren’t a
3:20lot of other people were alive at the
3:22same time they just happened to be the
3:24people from that time from whom all
3:26known y chromosome lineages and all
3:29mitochondrial dna lineages descend from
3:32so there are likely other y chromosomes
3:34and mitochondrial dna signatures that
3:36were around then that have since died
3:39out another misconception is that they
3:40were alive at the same time just because
3:42people think well adam and eve they were
3:44you know adam and eve but the truth is
3:47is that they were separated by hundreds
3:49of thousands of years and a lot of these
3:51unfortunate misconceptions really just
3:53come out of the fact that they’re named
3:55y-chromosomal atom and mitochondrial eve
3:58alluding to adam and eve from the bible
4:00this is something i know a lot of
4:02geneticists a lot of genetic
4:03genealogists and a lot of other people
4:05who work in the genetic fields really
4:07hate because it creates a lot of these
4:09misconceptions so since y chromosomal
4:12atom is 338 000 years old and
4:15mitochondrial eve is 124 000 years old
4:18does that mean that the most recent
4:20common ancestor of all humans is 124 000
4:24years ago the answer is no it’s actually
4:27a lot more recent than that in a 2004
4:31study the most recent common ancestor of
4:34all humans in the world was determined
4:36to have lived some time in the past few
4:38thousand years the study concludes but
4:41to the extent that ancestry is
4:43considered in genealogical rather than
4:46genetic terms
4:47our findings suggest a remarkable
4:50proposition no matter the languages we
4:52speak or the color of our skin we share
4:56ancestors who planted rice on the banks
4:59of the yangtze who first domesticated
5:01horses on the steps of the ukraine who
5:04hunted giant sloths in the forests of
5:06north and south america and who labored
5:08to build the great pyramid of khufu so
5:12now we’re going from 124 000 years to
5:15just a couple thousand years ago but now
5:18let’s take a look at some math and
5:19genealogy and why it’s inevitable that
5:22we are all eventually related so we each
5:25have two parents we each have four
5:27grandparents we have eight great
5:30grandparents and then if we keep
5:31counting back we have 16 second great
5:34grandparents we have 32 third grade
5:36grandparents 64 4th great-grandparents
5:39128 5th great-grandparents 256 sixth
5:42great-grandparents 512 seventh grade
5:45grandparents 1024 8th great grandparents
5:49and for those who haven’t caught on it
5:50keeps doubling every generation but
5:52those 1024 8th great grandparents lived
5:56about 250 to 350 years ago but jump just
6:00another two generations back to your
6:0210th great grandparents who lived about
6:04350 to 400 years ago there’s 4
6:08096 of them but we can keep this going
6:12once we get back 20 generations to your
6:1418th great grandparents you have over a
6:17million ancestors they were all alive
6:20about 600 to 700 years ago and around
6:23that time there was only 374 million to
6:26390 million people alive so your
6:30ancestors made about .25
6:33of the entire population of the world
6:35and sure that doesn’t really seem like
6:37much but go back another 10 generations
6:40to your 28th great grandparents so this
6:42is 30 generations back and you have
6:45about
6:461.07 billion
6:49ancestors now this is about a thousand
6:51years ago when the population of the
6:53world was about somewhere between 254
6:56million and 295 million so you had four
7:00times the amount of people alive in the
7:03world at that time
7:04who were your ancestors now there’s no
7:07way that you had more ancestors alive
7:10than were people alive in the world at
7:13that time but that’s also because at
7:15some point the number of your genetic
7:17ancestors
7:19stopped doubling and this is what’s
7:21known as pedigree collapse but we’re
7:23going to get into that in a little bit
7:24but first we’re going to focus on a 2013
7:27article by graham coop the professor and
7:29director of evolution and ecology at the
7:32center for population biology at uc
7:35davis his paper is the geography of
7:37recent genetic ancestry across europe
7:40and it found that all people of european
7:42descent share at least one ancestor in
7:44the past 1 000 years so about 33
7:47generations ago even crazier coop
7:50concluded that every european alive 1
7:54000 years ago who left a living line of
7:56descent today is an ancestor of every
8:00present day european descendant so that
8:04means that anyone of european descent
8:07knows that they descend from any
8:09european who is living a thousand years
8:12ago
8:13who left living descendants and one
8:15person who was living just under a
8:17thousand years ago was john lockland
8:19king of england and back in 2010 a girl
8:22named bridge and the avignon figured out
8:26that all the presidents except for one
8:28descends from john lachlan
8:31william howard taft and president barack
8:34obama one young girl traced them all
8:36back to one common ancestor they’re all
8:39cousins and all grandsons of john
8:41lachlan and since he was alive about a
8:44thousand years ago it certainly would
8:45make sense that pretty much all the
8:47presidents would descend from him since
8:49all u.s presidents have been of european
8:52descent now i’m sure there are a few
8:53keyboard warriors out there who like
8:55well some presidents lived in the 1700s
8:57and the 1800s so they might not fall
8:59into the same thing as modern day
9:01europeans which is what graham coop’s
9:04article says and yeah you are right but
9:07coop found differences in relatedness
9:11based on region so these charts that
9:13we’re looking at here show how people of
9:15the same population groups will share a
9:18recent common genetic ancestor within
9:21the past 540 years but once you get out
9:241 000 years and further
9:27everyone in each european population
9:29group shares at least one ancestor so
9:32you’re likely even closer related to
9:34everyone who descends from ancestors of
9:36the same regions and since pretty much
9:39every president has known british
9:41ancestry or at the very least
9:43northwestern european ancestry it
9:46certainly makes sense that they would
9:48all be related within the past 500 to
9:50600 years
9:52even including presidents born in the
9:541700s and this applies to you too so
9:57anyone who comes from a similar region
9:59as your ancestral background you’re
10:02going to be related to them much closer
10:04than people from other regions and even
10:06more once you get far back enough it’s
10:09inevitable that you will start
10:10descending from ancestors in multiple
10:13ways and this is what is known as
10:15pedigree collapse what we mentioned
10:17before so even though you’re supposed to
10:18have over 4 million ancestors who were
10:21alive about 600 700 years ago it’s much
10:24more likely that that number is actually
10:26smaller and that’s because of these
10:28ancestors where you descend from them in
10:29multiple ways now the perfect example of
10:32this is when you have first cousins
10:34marrying so their children will have two
10:36parents and their children will also
10:37have four grandparents but they will
10:40only have six great-grandparents
10:42instead of the typical eight and that’s
10:44because they descend from one pair of
10:46great-grandparents in two different ways
10:50so that means if somebody has parents
10:51who are related to each other whatever
10:53ancestors those parents share are going
10:56to be the ancestors that are then
10:58doubled so even if you aren’t marrying
11:00your first cousin we’ve already
11:01established that everybody in the world
11:03is related so no matter who you have
11:06children with your children will have
11:08ancestors that they’re related to
11:10through both you
11:12and your spouse even if those ancestors
11:14are from a thousand years ago now some
11:16population groups may experience an even
11:18closer degree of relation to everyone
11:21else from that same population group
11:23if that population practiced what’s
11:26known as endogamy and that is the
11:28practice of marrying and having children
11:30with people only from a certain
11:33population and this could be for various
11:35reasons either geographical or social
11:38but endogamy often includes high degrees
11:41of pedigree collapse because there are a
11:43lot of relatives marrying each other
11:45historically first cousin second cousin
11:48and third cousin marriages aren’t
11:50uncommon at all and even uncle niece
11:52marriages were oddly common known as
11:55evonuculate marriages and it’s actually
11:57a custom still practice around the world
11:59and is something that was even upheld in
12:02two states new york and rhode island how
12:05many people thought it was going to be
12:07kentucky and west virginia but endogamy
12:09can also include a high commonality of
12:12multiple non-incestuous relations among
12:16each other which i refer to as double
12:17relatives and a perfect example of this
12:20is double cousins so let’s say that you
12:22have a pair of sisters and they meet a
12:25pair of brothers and they all end up
12:27marrying well their children will be
12:29first cousins in two ways through both
12:32their mother and their father so there’s
12:34no pedigree collapse in their trees but
12:37all the descendants will be related in
12:40multiple ways another example is imagine
12:43that a cousin from your father’s side
12:45meets a cousin from your mother’s side
12:47and then they get married and all of
12:49their children will be related to you
12:51and all of your descendants
12:53in two ways and then in some cases you
12:55get high pedigree collapse because of
12:59marriage between people of double
13:01relations in which case you get kaiser
13:03ferdinand the first whose parents were
13:06double first cousins which is the
13:08genetic equivalent of half siblings
13:10having children together and because of
13:12this kaiser ferdinand the first only had
13:16four great-grandparents
13:18shout out to user wasting time from
13:20useful charts reddit for making this
13:21chart now for some endogamous
13:23populations we are able to make really
13:26well built trees tracing back hundreds
13:28of years and in those cases you can
13:31often see the pedigree collapse
13:33happening for matt baker from useful
13:35charts who has been the subject of the
13:37third season of youtuber family trees he
13:40comes from a population which practices
13:42endogamy due to geographical isolation
13:45they lived on an island called tanacook
13:48island and even today it takes an
13:50hour-long ferry ride from mainland nova
13:52scotia to get to the island and due to
13:56this general isolation pretty much
13:58everyone from the island descends from
14:00the same families who all settled the
14:03island in the 18th and 19th centuries
14:06and one of these families is the baker
14:08beaker family which descends from
14:10johannes becker who is born about 1732
14:15in either germany or the netherlands
14:17sources actually vary for where he’s
14:19from originally as suggested by his
14:21surname the baker line is matt’s
14:23patrilineal line but that isn’t the only
14:26way that he descends from johannes
14:28becker in fact matt descends from
14:30johannes becker and his wife barbara at
14:33least
14:34seven times
14:36so that means that everyone else who
14:38descends from the baker family
14:41is related to matt in at least seven
14:44different ways and that’s just through
14:46his baker’s side then there are a lot of
14:48the other families he descends from
14:50which a lot of the other people from
14:52tanacook also descend from in multiple
14:54ways so if matt meets someone from
14:56tanacook then he’s gonna know that it’s
14:59extremely likely that they’re gonna be
15:01related to each other sometime in the
15:03past two to three hundred years and
15:05anyone who descends from an endogamous
15:07population who’s able to trace their
15:09family tree that far back will find a
15:12very similar situation and some other
15:14well-known and dogmas populations
15:16include french canadians cajuns jews
15:19amish
15:21pretty much any island population you
15:22can think of so puerto ricans
15:25cubans
15:26sardinians
15:28people from cyprus cypriots and a whole
15:31lot more do you descend from an
15:32endogamous population if so when you’ve
15:35done dna testing you’re likely going to
15:37find a much higher difficulty in trying
15:40to decipher your matches and how you’re
15:42related to them so be sure to check out
15:44my tutorial about how to overcome issues
15:46of endogamy with dna testing which
15:49focuses on jewish endogamy specifically
15:52but will help for anyone from an
15:54endogamous population and if you want to
15:55check that out be sure to click right
15:57here and if you enjoyed this video
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English (auto-generated)
