The Contactees and Their (Probably Vision-Driven) Encounters
https://mysteriousuniverse.org/2019/12/the-contactees-and-their-probably-vision-driven-encounters/
Long before there were Alien Abductees, there were the Contactees. They were the people chosen to spread the word by what became known as the “Space Brothers.” The “word” meaning: peace, love and understanding. In other words, the aliens were here to help us – provided we followed their slightly bullying agenda. While reports of – and encounters with – these very human-looking, long-haired, jumpsuit-wearing aliens were at their height in the 1950s, reports predated that era and still occasionally surface.
The Space Brothers would target people in isolated locations – very often desert environments in the United States – and encourage them to share their experiences, write books, and go on the lecture circuit. So many of these people did exactly that. They included George Adamski, Dana Howard, Howard Menger, George Hunt Williamson, and Orfeo Angelucci. Much has written about the Contactees, but there is one glaring issue that is so often omitted. Or, even, unknown to so many.
Most of the Contactees’ experiences are assumed to have begun with the landing of a saucer-shaped craft of the kind that appeared in The Day the Earth Stood Still. That’s not entirely correct, though. The reality is that many of the Contactees said that their encounters actually began with the appearance of strange balls of light (BOLs). The ships, however, would dutifully follow them. Let’s take a look at what the Contactees had to say about those BOLs.
We’ll begin with Daniel Fry, the author of The White Sands Incident. According to Fry he first saw what looked like an “especially bright group of stars” that “seemed to beckon me.”
Truman Bethurum claimed amusing and outrageous encounters with a curvy, stacked-to-the-max, hot-looking babe from the stars who announced herself as Captain Aura Rhanes, of the planet Clarion. Interestingly, Bethurum said that prior to his meetings with the captain, he would often see “a small flare” or what appeared to be “a meteor falling though the starlit purple night.”
Orfeo Angeulcci – the author of (among others) The Secret of the Saucers – said that his main encounter with a pair of human-looking aliens involved the appearance of a red, glowing, oval-shaped light that was “about five times as large as the red portion of a traffic light.” The sound of a male voice was soon heard, which was “strong,” and had “well-modulated tones and speaking perfect English.” The voice from the lights assured Angelucci that “they” were “friends from another world.”
Dana Howard (who, in 1956, penned Diane: She Came from Venus) said that during one of her most significant alien encounters she saw, “…a rising glow of phosphorescence. It was very tall at first, but out of this phosphorescent substance a form began to manifest…a solid fleshy being, delicate in charm and manner.” Decades ago, a man named Ralph Lael claimed amazing encounters with the Space Brothers on Brown Mountain, North Carolina. Just like those characters above, Lael reported seeing – in close proximity – eerie balls of light. In Lael’s case, the BOLs were around twelve feet in circumference. Lael felt, as one of the BOLs approached him, that “it was alive and had intelligence.”
Bob Short was a Contactee who I met on several occasions – a couple of times at the UFO Congress in Laughlin, Nevada in the late 1990s, and at the Retro UFO gig, which is now no longer around. I often saw people poke fun at Bob and his Contactee-driven claims, but they shouldn’t have. Bob’s encounters, too, began with the sudden appearances of multiple BOLs. Bob wrote (in his book, Out of the Stars: A Message from Extraterrestrial Intelligence) that he often saw, specifically before an encounter of the Space Brother kind, “luminous ephemeral spheres of light.” Bob also said that the BOLs were “so dazzling” that “the actual form behind the light is masked and cannot be scrutinized visually.”
I had a few chats with Short about all of this over the years, and he pondered seriously on the scenario of the BOLs being the true alien entities – and the Space Brothers being “visions” created by the BOL intelligence. If Bob was correct, then it puts matters in a very different state. Maybe all of the genuine Contactee-type experiences occurred in vision-style; in altered state-type situations dictated by those mysterious balls of light.
The Mystery Mummy: Did an “Alien” Body Turn Up Near a Famous UFO Hotspot?
Among the many questions that arise within various areas of research involving the unexplained, one of the most asked — and often criticized — involves the need for physical evidence. If we are to prove, for instance, that a creature like Bigfoot exists, how can this be done without the requisite physical specimen: an actual body which, dead or alive, could settle the debate once and for all?
During the 1950s and 60s, as reports of the famous Brown Mountain Lights of Western North Carolina began to make their way into newspapers and men’s adventure magazines, other curious tales began to emerge from the region they were often seen. Not only had people in the area claimed to see strange illuminations near the vicinity of Brown Mountain, but many individuals were starting to share odd stories about their interactions with the lights. Some of these involved observers who claimed to have been “chased” by glowing orbs, while others claimed to have discerned clues about their “extraterrestrial” origin.
RALPH LAEL
One of these claiming to have “proof” of alien involvement with the lights had been Ralph Lael, a local entrepreneur who operated a rock and gem shop off Highway 181 near Morganton, NC. His story was bizarre indeed: Lael claimed he had been kidnapped by beautiful female aliens from the planet “Peewam”, which led him to underground caverns beneath the region. There, they explained that the lights were a byproduct, essentially, of their extraterrestrial power sources located below ground. Lael published an account of his rather whimsical alien abduction tale in the form of an inexpensive little pamphlet, which was offered for sale at his rock shop which, in keeping with the story’s interplanetary theme, was christened “The Outer Space Rock Shop.”
However, there was more than just Lael’s story that made the shop a curious attraction for those passing through on their way to see the famous “ghost lights”: Lael claimed to possess a full-fledged alien mummy, which he kept on display in the back of his shop. Sometime in the late 1970s, researcher Timothy Green Beckley had been one of the many UFO hunters who visited the area, and he managed to take a photo of the “alien” on one of his visits:
The image Beckley took later appeared in the book Underground Alien Bases, authored by an unnamed individual under a mysterious pseudonym known as “Commander X” (I’ve asked Beckley about Commander X, and while he has never revealed the individual’s name, he has discussed publicly during one of my podcasts that he (Beckley himself) is not the pseudonymous author, but that he does know the individual personally).
While the photo of Ralph Lael’s “alien mummy” here is perhaps the only known photo of the body in question, on one occasion years ago I was able to examine a much better image of the body, which had been kept in a private collection. These black and white photos were much better resolution, and clearly displayed more details about the “mummy”, which looked very much like a papier-maché model of some variety. I subsequently blogged about this at my site, which resulted in an email from the folks at the Sideshow World website. They provided me with links to a number of classic catalogues, from which I was able to positively ID the “mummy” as being one of artist Homer M. Tate’s creations.
Tate’s style of “folk art” was rather interesting, if not a bit macabre. As the story goes, he would actually head out into the desert and gather little bits of bone, animal teeth, fur, and other things, and incorporate them into what, at times, became rather lifelike “mummies”, which he would sell to collectors and owners of roadside attractions and museums. Some of Tate’s mummies were based on Egyptian themes, while others were vaguely Tarzan-esque, clad in loincloths (much as Ralph’s alien mummy appears to wear in the photo above). Still others were described as “little men from Mars”, which seemed to further borrow from the Edgar Rice Burroughs motif that Tate incorporated into his fantasy folk art.
Around that same time, I was able to share a correspondence with Linda Wolff, the great-niece of Ralph Lael, who my friend and fellow researcher Vance Pollock managed to track down. Wolff had been a writer for regional newspapers for a number of years, and fondly recalled going and observing the “mummy” a few times when she was younger. During our correspondence, Linda remarked that on one occasion, she had stood and looked through the glass casing, and stared right at the face of the mummy. “I could see that the mouth even had little teeth in it!”, she told me excitedly. Her description seemed a perfect match for the kinds of papier-mâché mummies Tate would augment with teeth, animal bones, and other odd organic elements.
Altogether, it is very likely in my opinion that Lael’s “alien mummy” was, in fact, just a bit of Americana hailing back to the sideshow era, which he managed to work into his own bizarre little mythos about his experiences at Brown Mountain. As a final note, I should point out that Lael never directly implied that the body had been extraterrestrial but instead claimed that the creature had been, to borrow Lael’s own words, a “little mountain man.” This explanation may very well have been derived from folklore about the “Little People,” which were spirit folk that figured heavily into regional Cherokee legends.
As for what happened to Lael’s mummy, that’s anybody’s guess… but I would argue that his wild stories about mummies, beautiful aliens, and their bases below Brown Mountain probably influenced a lot of the speculation today about underground bases, which some believe to exist beneath the nearby Linville Gorge Wilderness (this concept was one of the focal points of the Brown Mountain discussion featured in the aforementioned book, Underground Alien Bases by the mysterious “Commander X”).
As such, it would seem that a lot of the more colorful folklore about the region has been influenced by the work of those like Ralph Lael, and others whose fascination with strange phenomenon and the burgeoning UFO culture of the 1960s prompted new legends that borrowed from existing Southern Appalachian folklore. Too bad there hadn’t actually been an alien mummy though… that might have settled a lot of those questions about “physical evidence” that, even today, continue to haunt the hopeful paranormalists out there.
That’s not to say there haven’t been other Mummies in Space… at least as far as Whovians go:
Orbs & Strange Balls of Light: What Are They? One Phenomenon or Multiple Ones?
Now and again I get asked about so-called “Balls of Light.” Or, as some people call them: Orbs. Others just refer to them as BOLs. It’s not a particularly well-known thing that BOLs pop up in just about nearly all sorts of different aspects of the paranormal: Ufology, Cryptozoology, alien encounters, life after death, Crop Circles and more. And there’s no evidence to show they’re all interlinked. Although, there certainly could be. With that said, let’s get into it. I’ll begin with Bigfoot. While the BOL phenomenon isn’t particularly well-connected to Cryptozoology, there is a link.
Much of that connection can be found in Texas’ Big Thicket. For decades, people have seen small, floating balls of light in the Big Thicket, mainly in the area appropriately called Ghost Road. Much less well-known is the fact that the late Rob Riggs – who was the expert on Big Thicket weirdness – collected a number of accounts of people seeing large, Bigfoot creatures in the Thicket, but they were very different to other cases. In this handful of reports Rob had in the BOL category, he told me that people had seen strange, approximately tennis-ball-sized BOLs, fluttering around the Bigfoot animals like butterflies might around a person. Rob had no clear theory for the cause of these “Bigfoot BOLs,” except to say that it led him to believe (even more) that there was something very strange about Bigfoot.
Now, let’s get onto the matter of Crop Circles. If you know your Crop Circle lore and history, you’ll know that BOLs and Orbs are often seen above the intricately-formations. Very early on in his Crop Circle research, Matthew Williams (both a creator and a researcher of Crop Circles) came to realize something deeply strange and highly intriguing. Namely, that many people who make the formations experience unusual phenomena in the fields – and on numerous occasions in the formations of their very own making. For example, Matt has experienced (as have a number of other, well-known Circle-makers; more than a few of who are reluctant to speak on the record) a wealth of weird phenomena in Crop Circles that he himself created. That included seeing small, aerial balls of light zipping around, detecting unexplained animal-like growls and howls, and even experiencing significant periods of missing time.
Now, onto the 1950s-era Contactees and their “buddies,” the Space Brothers. There are numerous reports of the Contactees having encounters with BOLs. We’ll begin with Daniel Fry, the author of The White Sands Incident. According to Fry he saw, on his first encounter, what looked like an “especially bright group of stars” that “seemed to beckon me.” Truman Bethurum claimed amusing and outrageous encounters with a curvy, stacked-to-the-max, hot-looking babe from the stars who announced herself as Captain Aura Rhanes, of the planet Clarion. Interestingly, Bethurum said that prior to his meetings with the captain, he would often see “a small flare”or what appeared to be “a meteor falling though the starlit purple night.” Orfeo Angeulcci – the author of (among others) The Secret of the Saucers – said that his main encounter with a pair of human-looking aliens involved the appearance of a red, glowing, oval-shaped light that was “about five times as large as the red portion of a traffic light.” The sound of a male voice was soon heard, which was “strong,” and had “well-modulated tones and speaking perfect English.” The voice from the lights assured Angelucci that “they” were “friends from another world.”
Still on the matter of Space Brothers and BOLs: Decades ago, a man named Ralph Lael claimed amazing encounters with the Space Brothers on Brown Mountain, North Carolina. Just like those characters above, Lael reported seeing – in close proximity – eerie balls of light. In Lael’s case, the BOLs were around twelve feet in circumference. Lael felt, as one of the BOLs approached him, that “it was alive and had intelligence.”
Bob Short was a Contactee who I met on several occasions – a couple of times at the UFO Congress in Laughlin, Nevada in the late 1990s, and at the Retro UFO gig, which is now no longer around. I often saw people poke fun at Bob and his Contactee-driven claims, but they really shouldn’t have. Bob’s encounters, too, began with the sudden appearances of multiple BOLs. Bob wrote (in his book, Out of the Stars: A Message from Extraterrestrial Intelligence) that he often saw, specifically before an encounter of the Space Brother kind, “luminous ephemeral spheres of light.”
Bob also said that the BOLs were “so dazzling” that “the actual form behind the light is masked and cannot be scrutinized visually.” How about BOLs being the souls of the dead? More than a few people have claimed to have seen small, BOLs in the aftermath of the death of a relative or of a close friend. Are we looking at just one phenomenon that is somehow tied into all manner of strange things: ghosts, monsters, aliens, UFOs, Crop Circles and more? Are there multiple different types of BOLs and Orbs? Do they interact with us when the time, the location, and the nature of the phenomenon come together? Absolute definitive answers are short. Theories? There’s a bunch of them out there.
Contactee
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Contactees are persons who claim to have experienced contact with extraterrestrials. Some claimed ongoing encounters, while others claimed to have had as few as a single encounter. Evidence is anecdotal in all cases.
As a cultural phenomenon, contactees perhaps had their greatest notoriety from the late 1940s to the late 1950s, but individuals continue to make similar claims in the present. Some have shared their messages with small groups of followers, and many contactees have written books, published magazine and newspaper articles, issued newsletters or spoken at UFO conventions.
The contactee movement has seen serious attention from academics and mainstream scholars. Among the earliest was the 1956 study, When Prophecy Fails by Leon Festinger, Henry Riecken, and Stanley Schachter, which analyzed the phenomenon. There have been at least two university-level anthologies of scientific papers regarding the contactee movements.
Contactee accounts are generally different from those who allege alien abduction, in that while contactees usually describe positive experiences involving humanoid aliens, abductees rarely describe their experiences positively.
Overview[edit]
Astronomer J. Allen Hynek described contactees thus:
The visitation to the earth of generally benign beings whose ostensible purpose is to communicate (generally to a relatively few selected and favored persons) messages of “cosmic importance”. These chosen recipients generally have repeated contact experiences, involving additional messages[1]
Contactees became a cultural phenomenon in the 1940s and continued throughout the 1950s and 1960s, often giving lectures and writing books about their experience. The phenomenon still exists today. Skeptics often hold that such “contactees” are deluded or dishonest in their claims. Susan Clancy wrote that such claims are “false memories” concocted out of a “blend of fantasy-proneness, memory distortion, culturally available scripts, sleep hallucinations, and scientific illiteracy”.[2]
Contactees usually portrayed aliens as more or less identical in appearance and mannerisms to humans. The aliens are also almost invariably reported as disturbed by the violence, crime, and wars that infest the earth, and by the possession of various earth nations of nuclear and thermonuclear weapons. Curtis Peebles summarizes the common features of many contactee claims:[3]
- Certain humans have had physical or mental contact with seemingly benevolent, humanoid space aliens.
- The contactees have also flown aboard seemingly otherworldly spacecraft and traveled into space and to other planets.
- The Aliens want to help mankind solve its problems, to stop nuclear testing and prevent the otherwise inevitable destruction of the human race.
- This will be accomplished very simply by the brotherhood spreading a message of love and brotherhood across the world.
- Other sinister beings, the Men in Black, use threats and force to continue the cover-up of UFOs, and suppress the message of hope.[3]
History[edit]
Early examples[edit]
As early as the 18th century, people like Emanuel Swedenborg were claiming to be in psychic contact with inhabitants of other planets. 1758 saw the publication of Concerning Earths in the Solar System, in which Swedenborg detailed his alleged journeys to the inhabited planets. J. Gordon Melton notes that Swedenborg’s planetary tour stops at Saturn, the furthest planet discovered during Swedenborg’s era, he did not visit then unknown Uranus, Neptune or Pluto.[4]
In 1891, Thomas Blott’s book The Man From Mars was published. The author claimed to have met a Martian in Kentucky. Unusually for an early contactee, Blott reported that the Martian communicated not via telepathy, but in English.[5]
1900s
George Adamski, who later became probably the most prominent contactee of the UFO era, was one contactee with an earlier interest in the occult. Adamski founded the Royal Order of Tibet in the 1930s. Writes Michael Barkun, “His [later] messages from the Venusians sounded suspiciously like his own earlier occult teachings.”[6]
Christopher Partridge notes, importantly, that the pre-1947 contactees “do not involve UFOs”.[7]
Contactees in the UFO era
In support of their claims, early 1950s contactees often produced photographs of the alleged flying saucers or their occupants. A number of photos of a “Venusian scout ship” by George Adamski and identified by him as a typical extraterrestrial flying saucer were noted to suspiciously bear a remarkable resemblance to a type of once commonly available chicken egg incubator, complete with three light bulbs which Adamski said were “landing gear”.[8]
For over two decades, contactee George Van Tassel hosted the annual “Giant Rock Interplanetary Spacecraft Convention” in the Mojave Desert.[9]
Response to contactee claims
Even in ufology—itself subject to at best very limited and sporadic mainstream scientific or academic interest—contactees were generally seen as the lunatic fringe, and serious ufologists subsequently avoided the subject, for fear it would harm their attempts at serious study of the UFO phenomenon.[10][11] Jacques Vallée notes, “No serious investigator has ever been very worried by the claims of the ‘contactees’.”[12]
Carl Sagan has expressed skepticism about contactees and alien contact in general, remarking that aliens seem very happy to answer vague questions but when confronted with specific, technical questions they are silent:
Occasionally, by the way, I get a letter from someone who is in “contact” with an extraterrestrial who invites me to “ask anything”. And so I have a list of questions. The extraterrestrials are very advanced, remember. So I ask things like, “Please give a short proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem.” Or the Goldbach Conjecture. And then I have to explain what these are, because extraterrestrials will not call it Fermat’s Last Theorem, so I write out the little equation with the exponents. I never get an answer. On the other hand, if I ask something like “Should we humans be good?” I always get an answer. I think something can be deduced from this differential ability to answer questions. Anything vague they are extremely happy to respond to, but anything specific, where there is a chance to find out if they actually know anything, there is only silence.[13]
Some time after the phenomenon had waned, Temple University historian David M. Jacobs noted a few interesting facts: the accounts of the prominent contactees grew ever more elaborate, and as new claimants gained notoriety, they typically backdated their first encounter, claiming it occurred earlier than anyone else’s. Jacobs speculates that this was an attempt to gain a degree of “authenticity” to trump other contactees.[14]
List of contactees[edit]
Those who claim to be contactees include:
References[edit]
- ^ Hynek, J. Allen (1972). The UFO Experience: A Scientific Inquiry, p. 5. Henry Regnery Company. ISBN 978-0809291304.
- ^ Clancy, Susan (2005). Abducted, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0674018796.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Peebles, Curtis (1994). Watch the Skies: A Chronicle of the Flying Saucer Myth, pp. 93–108. Smithsonian Institution, ISBN 1560983434.
- ^ Melton, Gordon J., “The Contactees: A Survey”. In Levin, ed. (1995) The Gods Have Landed: New Religions From Other Worlds, pp. 1–13. Albany: University of New York Press. ISBN 0791423301.
- ^ Melton, p. 7.
- ^ Barkun, Michael (2003). A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America. Los Angeles: University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN 0520238052
- ^ Partridge, Christopher. “Understanding UFO Religions and Abduction Spiritualities”. In Partridge, Christopher (2003) ed. UFO Religions (2003), p. 8. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415263239,
- ^ “Profiles in Pseudoscience: George Adamski!”. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
- ^ “Calling Occupants”. Fortean Times Archived April 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Sheaffer, Robert (1986). The UFO Verdict: Examining the Evidence, p. 18. Prometheus Books. ISBN 0879753382
- ^ Sheaffer, Robert (1998). UFO Sightings: The Evidence, pp. 34–35. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1573922137
- ^ Vallee, Jacques (1965). Anatomy of a Phenomenon: Unidentified Objects in Space, A Scientific Appraisal, p. 90. Henry Regnery Company. ISBN 0809298880.
- ^ Carl Sagan, “The Burden of Skepticism”
- ^ Jacobs, David M. (1975). The UFO Controversy In America. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253190061.
- ^ Allingham, Cedric (February 14, 1955). “Meeting on the Moor”. Time. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-27.
- ^ Scott-Blair, Michael (August 13, 2003). “UFO pioneer inspires site’s astronomy theme”. The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on 2005-12-26. Retrieved 2007-04-27.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h Lewis, James R. (2000) UFOs and Popular Culture, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc., ISBN 1576072657
- ^ Curran, Douglas (1985) In Advance of the Landing, Abbeville Press, ISBN 0896595234
- ^ Time (1979-07-03) “Crash Pad” (2007-05-06)
- ^ Jump up to:a b Story, Ronald D. (2001) The Encyclopedia of Extraterrestrial Encounters, New American Library, ISBN 0451204247
- ^ Bethurum, Truman (1995) Messages from the People of the Planet Clarion, Inner Light Publications, ISBN 0938294555
- ^ Fry, Daniel W. (1954) The White Sands Incident, New Age Publishing Co, ASIN B000GS5BJ6
- ^ Ortega, Tony (March 5, 1998). “The Hack and the Quack”. Phoenix New Times. Archived from the original on 2015-05-05. Retrieved 2007-05-05.
- ^ Hendrick, Bill (June 29, 1997). “The Mysteries Of Aliens And Area: Atlanta believers keep the faith in the otherworldly”. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on 2012-10-20. Retrieved 2007-05-12. Alt URL
- ^ “Special Collections, University Archives & Museum”. unh.edu. Archived from the original on April 14, 2009.
- ^ “Venus Unveiled”. Nova. October 17, 1995. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
- ^ Christopher, Paul (1998). Alien Intervention. Lafayette, LA: Huntington House. pp. 156–7]. ISBN 9781563841484.
- ^ My contact with flying saucers, London, N. Spearman [1959], OCLC 285784
- ^ Why we are here, Los Angeles: DeVorss & Co., 1959, OCLC 8923174
- ^ Roy Britt, Robert (June 15, 2009). “End of the World in 2012 (Cont.)”. Live Science. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
- ^ Martin, Riley; Tan. “Chapter One – The Coming of Tan”. The Coming of Tan. Historicity Productions. p. 6. Archived from the original on 2007-12-11. Retrieved 2007-04-06.
I was but seven years of age in November of 1953, when I first saw the strange lights above the river near my home in Northeastern Arkansas.
- ^ Moosbrugger, Guido (2004). And Still They Fly! (Second Edition). Steelmark, ISBN 0971152314
- ^ My trip to Mars, the Moon, and Venus, UFOrum, Grand Rapids Flying Saucer Club, 1956, OCLC 6048493
- ^ Binder, Otto O. (June 1970). Ted Owens, Flying Saucer Spokesman, The Incredible Truth Behind the UFO’s Mission to Earth. Saga. pp. 22–25, 90–94.
- ^ Paz Wells, Sixto (2002). The Invitation. 1st World Publishing. ISBN 978-1887472296.
- ^ L. D. Meagher (July 29, 1998). “Strieber’s exuberance falls short of proving there are UFOs}publisher =CNN”. Retrieved 2007-04-25. A review of Strieber, Whitley. Confirmation: The Hard Evidence of Aliens among Us. Saint Martin’s Press.
- ^ Szwed, John F. Space Is the Place: The Lives and Times of Sun Ra, Pantheon, 1997, ISBN 978-0679435891; pp. 28–29
- ^ “Centralian Tells Strange Tale of Visiting Venus Space Ship in Eastern Lewis County”, Centralia Daily Chronicle, April 1, 1950
- ^ Rael (2006). Intelligent Design. Nova Distribution. p. 109.
- ^ York, Malachi Z. Man From Planet Rizq Study Book One: Supreme Mathematics Class A For The Students Of The Holy Tabernacle p. 23
External links[edit]
- Another overview of 1950s contactees
- Another survey of 1950s contactees and their associated religious cults
